?Considering a Social Dilemma in Practice: Using a Code of Ethics to Inform Decision Making

Abstract Social dilemmas have the potential to define an entire population, leading to the need to assess and understand the implications associated with trends. This study uses the social trap of carbon fuel pollution to illustrate the manner and means of defection and cooperation that are possible in order to create progress. This research will be of use to any person researching social science and the need to build on a fundamental level. 1. Introduction Found in every society, culture and region, the common definition for a social dilemma is held to be an instance where there is the potential for individual gain at the cost of the larger group (Baqlliet et al., 2013). In a very real sense, this environment is created in order for an individual to profit from selfishness; however, if everyone chooses this alternative, the entire group stands to lose, indicating a win or nothing social condition. McCarter et al. (2011) argue that issues begin to arise as too many of the target population choose the negative option preferring the sense of immediate satisfaction over the group’s long-term interests. This outlines a sense of non-committal on the part of the population, speaking to the tendency to put off social experiences and dilemmas that often take various forms across a wide variety for fields and disciplines. With illustrations of social issues including climate change, pollution as well as human overpopulation, there is a fu ndamental platform that must be achieved in order to effectively identify and correct errant or negative trends. This study addresses the question of the social dilemma of fossil fuel consumption.Argued to be a commonly experienced social trap found in the use of carbon fuels in the environment day-to-day social operations (Chen et al., 2012). A social trap is created when there is a drive to experience and create immediate rewards as opposed to waiting to offset the potential negative, leaving much of the defining nature of the experience to the individual. Carbon pollution and the burning of fossil fuels creates the social dilemma by creating and fundamentally building a infrastructure around behavior patterns that have produced rewards in the short term, or current and past generations, but clearly hold a diminishing return when considered in context with the future and larger environmental picture (Khachatryan et al, 2013). The elements of a condition that create social traps are identified as reinforces that tend to build a stronger pattern of behavior in small cases yet, serves to punis h larger instances. In this case defection is defined as the unbridaled consumption of fossil fuels, with the cooperative social position being defined as an on going effort to reduce that very same use of carbon fueld. In a short term capacity, carbon fuels and combustion engines have transformed technology and the way of life for an entire civilization, yet, the use of the technology without restraint has enabled negative consequences to arise. In short it is the short term gain for society that serves to encourage the use of the carbon fuels, yet the long term price in terms of negative environment impact and loss of wildlife and natural resources becomes consequential. 2. Analysis Social issues cross boundaries to impact every science and branch of study (Sagiv et al., 2011). With this recognition, there are wide ranges of theories that have the potential to apply to this social trap/dilemma of employing carbon fuels in day to day activities. Leading among many researchers is the economic game theory, or expected utility theory (McCarter et al., 2011). This approach argues that any person is a rational actor that is solely motivated to make the most of their personal positions, or utility in terms of a person’s economic self-interest. In this instance the short term gains of employing polluting technology are seemingly insignificant in the face of day to day travel needs (Balleiet et al., 2013). With a willful form of defection, there is the sense of putting off the payment for future generations, leaving many of the population that seeks a cooperative solution with little recourse. According to the Game theory, there is much more likely for socially non-cooperative outcome, simply due to the ease of use and social acceptance, despite the documented negative instances related to the collection and consumption of these resources. Many social dilemmas evoke conflict amongst moral values, making the correct choice less clear to decipher (Banks, 2006). Banks has implied how decision making about another’s welfare can frequently involve issues which are both personal and painful, thus judgements will need to be made which are ethical and promote human welfare (Banks, 2012). In knowledge of this, it is crucial to have proper justification for actions and in-actions. A second relevant theory of Utilitarianism has been developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832): ‘Utilitarianism incorporates how actions have consequences, which should balance advantages and disadvantages, relatively within a certain course of action,’ (Parrott 2010, p. 54). When putting this principal into action it is acceptable for one person to suffer, if this translates to a greater number of people being happy. Two existing principles pertain to the theory of utilitarianism, and these are justice and utility. Understanding the p rinciple of justice can be captured in respect for equality and fairness, everyone’s happiness should be considered with the same weight. Utility as a principal infers the greatest good for everyone. However, both of these principles can clash if the minority of people are unhappy. Beauchamp and Childress (2001) have outlined the principal of justice: which accounts for distribution of fair benefits, risks and costs; this encapsulates the notion that similar cases should be treated similarly. In a clinical role it is regarded as being within the job role to effectively ‘assess the whole situation, while working for outcomes while considering everyone’s best interests’ (Banks 2012). Yet, each individual in the society has the option to disagree, and therefore defect from the effort, weakening the end results. An alternative complimentary approach is Virtue ethics and the theory of this principal investigates individual character. A persons ‘virtue ethics’ are thought to be guided and developed through their personal beliefs, and this process is said to determine overall character. As an approach Virtue ethics are carried out ‘according to which the basic judgments in ethics are judgments about character’ (Statman, 1997, p. 7). This argument indicates that a person could be co-operative by appealing to their better nature, rather than depending on the satisfaction of their immediate desires. It is recognised that issues of an ethical nature will often be embedded in personal responsibility or relationships. Linking the fight for a long term, environmentally balanced and healthy society with the need to provide a better future for the next generations, there is evidence that substantial progress can be made for the co-operative efforts (McCarter et al., 2011). A further area of social science that applies to this case is referred to as Radical often recognized as ‘critical’ or ‘activist’ work (McCarter et al., 2011). Within this radical position the viewpoint taken is of a transformational approach, where concerns are placed on the transformation of society as this will benefit those who are most oppressed, or those suffering in adverse environmental conditions, in comparison to focusing on the individual profit, or day to day consumers (Hill, 2010). In addition, McIntyre (1982) as cited in Payne (2004) determined radical approaches and criticisms being that; traditionally, social work can lower complex social problems and turn them into individual psychological ones, while potentially cutting off service users from contact to others who have similar problems. Yet, in in the case of pollution and using offered technology seems to translate to creating isolation between workers and those who need the service 3. Reducing Defection Among the many possible solutions to decreasing defections and increasing possible cooperation is the option of motivational solutions (Khachatryan et al., 2013). Providing opportunities for mutual gain, both in the short and long term, creates an incentive for long term, effective cooperation and progress. There components of a must be assessed in order to create a reduced or improved environment (McCarter et al., 2011): Individualism or the presence of the tendency for a person to act selfishly Competition or the capacity to measure outcomes relative to others The opportunity for cooperation In this case is seems possible to incorporate all three elements into an effective anti-defection strategy. Emphasizing the positive aspects of using alternative fuels has the potential to inspire the individual to work outside the acceptable social net by not using fossil fuels. Furthermore, the creation of a competitive form of reporting would serve to build a measureable means for people to assess their own efforts, as well as that of others. The first two are pro-self-approaches while the third is considered a prosocial orientation (Chen et al., 2012). Prosocial and pro-self-persons react differently when faced with a similar situation, making the need to find a solution that can bridge the gap between them critical. Prosocial views often concern themselves with the moral implications, thereby seek out cooperation. This can be seen in this context as the drive to harvest less from a common resource, thereby reducing overall dependency and negative consequences. Strategic solutions also have the potential to increase cooperation and reduce defections in the social dilemma of carbon fuel pollution (Ballet et al., 2013). This is an approach that uses interactions to create an environment of cooperation as the society uses a Tit for tat strategy. This approach seems to be present in the current discourse about carbon pollution with many consumers making a cooperative move, while at the same moment mirroring decisions of the partner. TFT applies to this dilemma in that it is a real-world strategy that has a proven record of success, thereby inciting many consumers to take part in the effort. These forms of structural changes alter the game by modifying the social dilemma or removing the issue completely. In this case a reduction in consumption has the potential to move on completely from the carbon fuel based system. Furthermore, research on conservation repeatedly illustrates that incentives are effective in decreasing consumption of resource s as well as the adoption of renewable resources (Chen et al., 2012). Many case studies illustrate that cooperation is based on various factors, including the ability to monitor the situation in order to punish defectors leading to an external structure that opts to cooperate and self-organise with the inherent ability to communicate and share in order to effectively resolve social delimmas. 4. Conclusion In conlusion, when evaluating the strengths the social dilemma of using carbon fuels, the need of the day to day consumer must be considered in the light of long term cost. Using a cooperative approach that serves to provide incentives and alternatives to possible defectors serves to enhance the underlying effort and add impact to the arguments that desire cooperation. Overall, it is certain that the core of the burden translates to effective planning while accounting for the present situation. With many possible solutions, this study has illustrated that following a radical approach could lead to empowerment of the service user, enable individuals to overcome social stigma attached to the pollution issue as educate them with skills needed to be independent in future. In the end, in order to encourage cooperation there needs to be a viable alternative that makes sense on a day to day basis as well as being affordable to the common person. Lacking a comprehensive strategy will only e ncourage those that resist change to depend on the technology of the past in order to face the challenges of the future. 5. References Balliet, D., & Ferris, D. (2013). Ostracism and prosocial behavior: A social dilemma perspective.Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes, 120(2), 298-308. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.04.004 Banks, S. & Gallagher, A. (2009). Ethics in professional life: virtues for health and social care. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Banks, S. (2012). Ethics and Values in Social Work. (fourth edition). Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford university press. Beckett, C. (2007). The reality principle: Realism as an ethical obligation. Ethics and Social Welfare, 1(3), 269-281. Beckett, C. (2012). Values and ethics in social work. Sage. Chen, X., Szolnoki, A., & Perc, M. (2012). Risk-driven migration and the collective-risk social dilemma. Physical Review E, 86(3). doi:10.1103/physreve.86.036101 Clifford, D., & Burke, B. (2008).Anti-oppressive ethics and values in social work. Palgrave Macmillan. Darwall, S. (1995). The British Moralists and the Internal’Ought’: 1640-1740. Cambridge University Press. Dolgoff, R., Loewenberg, F. M., & Harrington, D. (2009). Ethical issues for social work practice. Derlega, V., & Grzelak, J. (1982). Cooperation and helping behavior. New York: Academic Press. Hill, L. (2010). Radical indecision: Barthes, Blanchot, Derrida, and the future of criticism. Johnson, R. (2008). Kant’s moral philosophy. Khachatryan, H., Joireman, J., & Casavant, K. (2013). Relating values and consideration of future and immediate consequences to consumer preference for biofuels: A three-dimensional social dilemma analysis. Journal Of Environmental Psychology, 34, 97-108. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.001 McCarter, M., Mahoney, J., & Northcraft, G. (2011). TESTING THE WATERS: USING COLLECTIVE REAL OPTIONS TO MANAGE THE SOCIAL DILEMMA OF STRATEGIC ALLIANCES. Academy Of Management Review, 36(4), 621-640. doi:10.5465/amr.2011.65554629 Parrott, L. (2010). Values and ethics in social work practice. SAGE. Payne, G., & Payne, J. (2004).Key concepts in social research. Sage. Saleebey, D. (1996). The strengths perspective in social work practice: Extensions and cautions. Social work, 41(3), 296-305. Statman, D. (1997). Virtue ethics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Sagiv, L., Sverdlik, N., & Schwarz, N. (2011). To compete or to cooperateValues’ impact on perception and action in social dilemma games. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol., 41(1), 64-77. doi:10.1002/ejsp.729 Thompson, N. (2007). Power and empowerment. Russell House Pub. Wilson, K. (2008). Social work: An introduction to contemporary practice. Pearson Education. Wilson, K., Ruch, G., Lymbery, M., & Cooper, A. (2008). Social work. Essex: Pearson.

Solution for Classic Pen

Case Study: Classic Pen Company 1- Cost of production of the pens according to ABC method: INDIRECT FINGE BENEFICT INDIRECT LABOR TOTAL indirect Labor Indirect Labor Computer System Other Overhead Total overhead Quantity Overhear Rate 8,000 20,000 28,000 Production Runs Setup Time Administration Run Machines 14,000 11,200 2,800 8,000 2,000 14,000 22,000 11,200 4,800 14,000 150 526 4 10,000 146. 67 21. 29 1,200. 00 1. 40 Total 28,000 10,000 14,000 52,000 Overhead distribution among the cost Pool Amount of overhead 22,000. 00 11,200. 00 4,800. 00 14,000. 00 2,000. 00 100,000 Quantity 150 526 4 10,000 Rate Amount of overhead 8,000 100,000 0. 08 Quantity 100,000 Blue Production Runs Setup Time Administration Run Machines Total Overhead by pen Quantity of pen Overhead by unit of pen Black 0. 50 0. 20 0. 08 0. 38 1. 16 Blue 7,333. 33 4,258. 56 1,200. 00 7,000. 00 19,791. 89 50,000 0. 40 Black 7,333. 33 1,064. 64 1,200. 00 5,600. 00 15,197. 97 40,000 0. 38 Red 5,573. 33 4,854. 75 1,200. 00 1,260. 00 12,888. 09 9,000 1. 43 Purple 1,760. 00 1,022. 05 1,200. 00 140. 00 4,122. 05 1,000 4. 12 Blue 4,000. 00 50,000 . 08 Black 3,200. 00 40,000 0. 08 Red 720. 00 9,000 0. 08 Purple 80. 00 1,000 0. 08 Direct Fringe Benefit distribution among pen Direct Fringe Benefit Quantity of pen Direct Fringe Benefit by pen Cost of Production Material Cost Direct Labor Direct Fringe Benefit Overhead Cost Cost of Production 0. 50 0. 20 0. 08 0. 40 1. 18 Red 0. 52 0. 20 0. 08 1. 43 2. 23 Purple 0. 55 0. 20 0. 08 4. 12 4. 95 2- Actions that will be taken by Classic Pen Company As shown by the table below, the traditional cost shows the company is realizing benefit for all its pens.Blue Material Cost Direct Labor Overhead Cost Cost of Production Quantity of pen Cost of Production according to the Traditionnal Actual Unit Selling Price Profit/Loss $ Black 25,000 20,000 10,000 8,000 30,000 24,000 65,000. 00 52,000. 00 50,000 40,000 1. 30 1. 30 1. 50 1. 50 0. 20 $ 0. 20 $ Red Purple 4,680 550 1,80 0 200 5,400 600 11,880. 00 1,350. 00 9,000 1,000 1. 32 1. 35 1. 55 1. 65 0. 23 $ 0. 30 But with ABC Method we have realized that the unit selling price of the Red pen and Purple pen respectively $1. 5 and $1. 65 are less than the cost of production, therefore we expect that the Classic Pen Company will increase the unit selling price of these two pens. Blue Material Cost Direct Labor Direct Fringe Benefit Overhead Cost Cost of Production according to ABC Actual Unit Selling Price Profit/Loss $ 0. 50 0. 20 0. 08 0. 40 1. 18 1. 50 0. 32 $ Black 0. 50 0. 20 0. 08 0. 38 1. 16 1. 50 0. 34 $ Red 0. 52 0. 20 0. 08 1. 43 2. 23 1. 55 (0. 68) $ Purple 0. 55 0. 20 0. 08 4. 12 4. 95 1. 65 (3. 30) Solution for Classic Pen Case Study: Classic Pen Company 1- Cost of production of the pens according to ABC method: INDIRECT FINGE BENEFICT INDIRECT LABOR TOTAL indirect Labor Indirect Labor Computer System Other Overhead Total overhead Quantity Overhear Rate 8,000 20,000 28,000 Production Runs Setup Time Administration Run Machines 14,000 11,200 2,800 8,000 2,000 14,000 22,000 11,200 4,800 14,000 150 526 4 10,000 146. 67 21. 29 1,200. 00 1. 40 Total 28,000 10,000 14,000 52,000 Overhead distribution among the cost Pool Amount of overhead 22,000. 00 11,200. 00 4,800. 00 14,000. 00 2,000. 00 100,000 Quantity 150 526 4 10,000 Rate Amount of overhead 8,000 100,000 0. 08 Quantity 100,000 Blue Production Runs Setup Time Administration Run Machines Total Overhead by pen Quantity of pen Overhead by unit of pen Black 0. 50 0. 20 0. 08 0. 38 1. 16 Blue 7,333. 33 4,258. 56 1,200. 00 7,000. 00 19,791. 89 50,000 0. 40 Black 7,333. 33 1,064. 64 1,200. 00 5,600. 00 15,197. 97 40,000 0. 38 Red 5,573. 33 4,854. 75 1,200. 00 1,260. 00 12,888. 09 9,000 1. 43 Purple 1,760. 00 1,022. 05 1,200. 00 140. 00 4,122. 05 1,000 4. 12 Blue 4,000. 00 50,000 . 08 Black 3,200. 00 40,000 0. 08 Red 720. 00 9,000 0. 08 Purple 80. 00 1,000 0. 08 Direct Fringe Benefit distribution among pen Direct Fringe Benefit Quantity of pen Direct Fringe Benefit by pen Cost of Production Material Cost Direct Labor Direct Fringe Benefit Overhead Cost Cost of Production 0. 50 0. 20 0. 08 0. 40 1. 18 Red 0. 52 0. 20 0. 08 1. 43 2. 23 Purple 0. 55 0. 20 0. 08 4. 12 4. 95 2- Actions that will be taken by Classic Pen Company As shown by the table below, the traditional cost shows the company is realizing benefit for all its pens.Blue Material Cost Direct Labor Overhead Cost Cost of Production Quantity of pen Cost of Production according to the Traditionnal Actual Unit Selling Price Profit/Loss $ Black 25,000 20,000 10,000 8,000 30,000 24,000 65,000. 00 52,000. 00 50,000 40,000 1. 30 1. 30 1. 50 1. 50 0. 20 $ 0. 20 $ Red Purple 4,680 550 1,80 0 200 5,400 600 11,880. 00 1,350. 00 9,000 1,000 1. 32 1. 35 1. 55 1. 65 0. 23 $ 0. 30 But with ABC Method we have realized that the unit selling price of the Red pen and Purple pen respectively $1. 5 and $1. 65 are less than the cost of production, therefore we expect that the Classic Pen Company will increase the unit selling price of these two pens. Blue Material Cost Direct Labor Direct Fringe Benefit Overhead Cost Cost of Production according to ABC Actual Unit Selling Price Profit/Loss $ 0. 50 0. 20 0. 08 0. 40 1. 18 1. 50 0. 32 $ Black 0. 50 0. 20 0. 08 0. 38 1. 16 1. 50 0. 34 $ Red 0. 52 0. 20 0. 08 1. 43 2. 23 1. 55 (0. 68) $ Purple 0. 55 0. 20 0. 08 4. 12 4. 95 1. 65 (3. 30)

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The role that agents of socialization play in shaping an individuals political culture - Essay Example In fact, journalism has the capability to challenge the political arrogance displays and acts as a potential channel to display the voices of political situations in a particular region. The news media conveys messages, meanings and symbols to the wider society and political news can actually affect the image of a politician or a political party in general (Schudson, 2002). Education system also has a role in forming the political culture of an individual. People learn through the various books, theories and history the political culture and heritage enjoyed in the country. Also civics and law gives a lot of insight about the political structures and systems prevalent and the constitutional rights enjoyed by a particular nation thereby helping an individual to form an opinion (Zechenter, 1997). Other than these, religion and the workplace of an individual are important components shaping the political culture of an individual. Religion is especially a dominant force in forming political culture. Also the workplace of an individual helps him to get information and form opinions about political culture. If the individual meets people from different regions coming from varied cultures, values, beliefs and religions then he may have more knowledge about the cultures and opinions of other individuals. However, according to me the education systems and the media portrayal of the issues taking place have helped in forming a political culture. The history and civics subject helps us to know more about the political systems in the country and the media including newspaper, television and radio have helped in forming my personal opinion about the political culture. Another important factor which helped to shape my political culture is my parents, peers and relatives. Discussions and debates help in knowing more information thereby helping in forming an opinion about the political culture. To conclude, a culmination of

Editing Within Digital Filmmaking Essay Example for Free

Editing Within Digital Filmmaking Essay Lori Landay elucidates that in the present age of digital transformations, communications and storytelling, the saying of McLuhan that the medium is the message can be further said that the media is the mix. Digital forms of narrative are not only characterized by their mixed, hybrid forms and content, but by their recombinations. It is used to draw the spectator into the mix in many different ways. It is through the mixing of the different degrees of non-linearity and interactivity that digital narratives are able to form different kinds of digital spectatorship. She looks at three films and states that in different yet interconnected ways, these ways can tend to divert the spectator from the traditional ways of finding meaning to one’s narrative. Different modes are able to elicit different ways of storytelling and fresh ways of looking, thereby, editing scenes in the process. Source 2: Tsai, Tabitha and Czarnecki, Kelly . Digital filmmaking for the 21st century. Library Journal, 2/1/2008. Machinima Goes Mainstream. Article Retrieved June 9, 2008 http://journal. media-culture. org. au/0104/trans. php Machinima is a filmmaking genre that is used in order to shape video for the 21st century. It is a new term that is coined from the words machine and cinema and is a genre of filmmaking that was originally conceived by gamers in the 1990s. During the past years, machinima has gone more mainstream and creativity has been maximized to the limits. Machinima is filmmaking that is done within a real-time, 3-D kind of environment. Basically, machinima uses real-world filmmaking techniques within an interactive virtual environment where characters and events are controlled by humans, scripts, or artificial intelligence. The video games are the ones that provide the settings, props, costumes, and characters which are needed to be able to tell an original story. Filmmakers are able to capture actual footage as MTV Central and video games like Sims 2 have in-game recording options which help the filmmakers to capture footage. For this to be accessed, there is a need for a screen capture software program in order to import game environments where there are no built-in machinima tools. Remixing audio and video content is also among the newer gadgets available among budding machinimists. Source 3: Theodosakis, Nikos. How Digital Filmmaking Develops Higher-Order Thinking Skills. Article Retrieved June 9, 2008 at: http://www. vste. org/publications/journal/attach/vj_1602/vj_1602_08. pdf This article posits that in the classroom, the process of filmmaking entails that students must be able to imagine what they will need in order to come up with a movie. They need to develop a strategy that involves managerial skills such as planning, production and editing where they will start gathering a logical series of events. The author logical lays out what is entailed in the planning stage emphasizing that feature films are rarely shot in a sequential order in order to save time, money and effort. As part of editing, the scenes are grouped according to location or actors or even according to equipment availability. Analytical skills must also be present to a large measure so that during the editing process, one can see multiple takes of the same shots and multiple shots of the same scene and then decide which information best illustrates the message being set forth (Theodosakis). The author wants to point out that the goal of filmmaking in the classroom must be executed so that students will be able to experience these skills in preparation for the future use in their own worlds beyond the classroom.

Factors Influencing Decisions for Mobile Banking

Factors Influencing Decisions for Mobile Banking 5.1.0 Introduction If financial institutions are to successfully integrate new technology into their service delivery platform, it is essential that they should understand the impact of technology based delivery channels on customer perceptions and behaviour. The industry buzz has driven many financial and non-financial institutions in the Netherlands to take a tactical, just try something and get it up and running quickly approach to mobile banking and payments over the last decade. The research focused on the theoretical framework explored in chapter 3 discussing various constructs that affect users intention to adopt mobile phone banking and payments. The previous chapters have shade light on the major research question of this study which was as follows: what are the factors that could influence the use of mobile phone banking? Various variables such as self-efficacy, perceived cost, perceived risk, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have been discussed and compared to the data analysis . The Netherlands shows different trends in adoption of mobile banking and payments, the population has all the requisites to implement mobile financial services but there are a number of hurdles that need to be overcome or taken into consideration by any financial institution wanting to setup such a venture. 5.2.0 Model Variables The intention to use mobile banking service is affected by a number of variables as discussed earlier. Speed has indirect influence on intention to use mobile banking. Consumers using mobile banking can perform the simple transactions easily and quickly. The variable speed implies that mobile banking and payment users seek a simple, easier and faster performance. Speed was one of the factors that users put on their wish list as a prerequisite for uptake of mobile banking. With advance of the 3G and 4G networks on newer mobile phone models makes speed a reality. Most users preferred to use SMS as it provides a speedier service. From the data analysis the respondents are not especially concerned with the number of functions provided by a mobile banking and payment functions. The above reason could be that simple functions may be enough for users to meet their mobile banking needs. Most banks in the Netherlands such as Rabobank, ING and ABN AMRO offer basic forms of mobile banking which range from simple transactions to complex tasks. Mobility access is an important feature of mobile banking and payment. This helps overcome time and space limitations of banking. It was obvious that respondents agreed with the importance of mobility access to mobile banking and payment. Perceived usefulness is another important variable that affect mobile banking and payments. There are very many alternatives /competitors to mobile banking in the Netherlands for users to choose from. Most users are reluctant to change their banking methods in the Dutch as they see no perceived usefulness in the mobile banking services provided by the financial institutions. One of the respondents views were as follows: Im choosing the bank which is safe and offer more attractive %. And I dont care about additional services, which are the plus, but not complementary. [sic] Perceived cost also has an impact on users intention to adopt mobile banking in the Netherlands. Mobile banking cannot compete in terms of lower costs. Consumers keeping funds in cash or in a pre-charged card e.g. Chipknip find it cheaper as compared to mobile banking. Most banks provide this service free for specific services. There is also the common end-user perception that many mobile payment solutions are fraught with insecurities. The above table 7 shows variables with negative effect on the adoption of mobile banking and payments in the Netherlands. Perceived cost, credibility, usefulness and risk were found to contribute to slow adoption of mobile banking and payments in the Netherlands. Other factors which come beyond the scope of this study will be discussed in the following sections. 5.3.0 General Issues relating to Mobile Banking and Payment adoption From the data analysis it can conclusively be deduced that mobile banking and payments in the Netherlands can only succeed when they extend the technology and behaviour consumers have already adopted and when their costs are in line with their benefits. The researcher asked the respondents who have mobile phones but dont use mobile banking and payment. The main reasons are as follows: They see no value. There are a number of alternative self-service channels like online banking, ATMs, cards (debit, credit, Chipknip) that allow consumers do most of their banking tasks by themselves already, it is not clear to many of them what additional benefits the mobile channel offers. This can be seen from the comments of one of the respondent as follows: Im choosing the bank which is safe and offer more attractive %. And I dont care about additional services, which are the plus, but not complementary. [sic] They do not know about it. When asked whether the respondents bank offered mobile banking, 26% said they do not know whether their bank even offers mobile banking services, or that they do not know enough about it. The researcher can conclude that retail banks mobile banking and payment marketing efforts in the Netherlands have been less effective. They dont think it is safe. 51% of the respondents agree that mobile banking and payments is risky. Risk could have a considerable effect on the adoption of mobile banking and payment. Most of the respondents still consider the plastic cards as the convenient method of settling their bills as they have never encountered any problems with them. Since there is low awareness and the fact that mobile banking is still in its early stage acceptance among the consumers has been very low. They think it is expensive. Confusion about the cost of mobile banking and payment is also another hurdle affecting its adoption. Each provider of mobile financial services comes up with their own cost structure. The researcher believes most consumers are not clear about what their bank will charge them or other financial institutions. It could be argued that price has certainly been an obstacle for mobile financial services to become a mass market application in The Netherlands. The reason given is that because it is quite expensive compared to other banking and payment methods, currently it is not adding any value for the customer. Users are young: according to the respondents, mobile banking adoption is highest among ages 21-35 year olds; these are young consumers, using their phones more for texting than talking. They are referred to as general Y. Many of them mobile banking is becoming a key criterion for where they choose to bank. Most of them said they conceived to switch banks if their bank does not offer mobile banking services. This generation Y is often described as the Mobile Generation because of their obsession with all things mobile and digital, and they are likely to embrace mobile banking and payment in large and ever growing numbers. It can be deduced from the data analysis that younger generations are now beginning to use banking services and traditional banking rules and behaviour may no longer apply. Cash, the first mover advantage: although the Netherlands has the highest debit card penetration in Europe, cash is still the preferred payment method of choice for almost all low-value transactions. There has been a push for more debit card transaction leading to the decrease in cash transactions. Various electronic purse initiatives have been pursued leading to one standard electronic chip-based purse called Chipknip. Its usage however is relegated to specific use cases e.g. parking machines, coffee machines and has not had a wide uptake in traditional retail environments, where it was intended to decrease the number of cash transactions for smaller ticket items. 5.3.1 Create awareness of useful applications among young consumers Mobile banking and payment still faces considerable hurdles in Europe, including consumers diverse mix of handsets and low adoption of mobile Internet services in general. But many financial institutions are shooting themselves in the foot by developing costly mobile banking services, only to launch them without a clear strategy, and then failing to promote them adequately. Remarkably, only a few banks like Rabobank, ING, ABN AMRO even mention mobile banking on their retail banking home pages. Banks and other financial institutions who want to encourage wider mobile banking adoption need to do the following: Firstly, broaden awareness Potential mobile banking users are confused about the benefits, the offer, the cost, the security, and the technology. More marketing needs to be emphasized before and after launching of these new innovations. One way which is easy and inexpensive vehicle for this is the financial institutions own Web site and within the online banking application. They should lay out relevant usage scenarios and use rich media like online video to educate potential users about scenarios where mobile banking and payment adds value. This could be very relevant in enabling the users be well informed about the new offerings and objectively weigh the perceived value over other channels. Secondly, targeted at the young technology-savvy online bankers The study has clearly shown that the mobile banking and payment is most popular among the young generation. As already indicated, most of them said they conceived to switch banks if their bank does not offer mobile banking services. This generation Y is often described as the Mobile Generation because of their obsession with all things mobile and digital, and they are likely to embrace mobile banking and payment in large and ever growing numbers. The typical early adopters according to this research are young males with above-average incomes who use the Internet daily. European banks and other financial institutions should think along these lines. Thirdly, focusing on simple applications with timely and location-relevant benefits What applications should banks and other financial institutions stress? Forrester research (2009), has long argued that to create compelling value for customers, companies should deliver mobile content that is timely, location-aware, and actionable. The first mobile banking services people in the Netherlands have adopted are simple and timely mobile services like balance checks and SMS alerts. It is important that mobile financial providers focus on simple transactions such as SMS about ATM locations, ticketing, parking, vending machines, customized video application (pay per view) among others. 5.4.0 Conclusion As discussed in Chapter 2, the literature review, the Netherlands are a typical giro country that heavily relies on the use of credit transfers and direct debits in retail banking and payments. It can also be reiterated that existing banking and payment methods (e.g., cash, cards) already meets consumer needs. In order to persuade consumers to change their behaviours the offerings will need to have some essential benefits over currently available alternatives: more convenient, cheaper, quick, secure and efficient. In Europe and specifically the Netherlands, there is a strong interest by key stakeholders in making mobile banking and payment successful. Exploring the factors influencing the use and adoption of mobile banking and payments is quite important for the key stakeholders who might need to improve and validate their services in order to satisfy more customers and eventually make profits. The research adopted TAM in the Netherlands context to investigate the research questions and achieve the objectives. It can be concluded that the research constructs of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived risk, convenience, speed, cost and self-efficacy were successfully used to explain the variance in the intention to use mobile banking and payments in the Netherlands. In order to attract mass market banks and service providers should improve the quality of these services. To take advantage of consumer willingness to use new mobile banking and payment mechanisms, the banks and financial institutions of devices enabled for mobile payment at the physical POS must be able to support mobile transactions that are convenient and easy to use to compete with plastic cards. The Dutch consumers are aware that they have alternatives and they are also more sensitive to security and privacy issues. Mobile banking and payment scenarios can enhance security and privacy. However , if consumers perceive that mobile banking and payment potentially involves loss of privacy, they will not accept it. 5.5.0 Recommendations The study has revealed that there is no compelling value attached to mobile banking and payments in the Netherlands to warrant mass market adoption. Amid the excitement and hype surrounding mobile financial services in the Netherlands, the question remains as to how these offerings will achieve mass market, especially in light of the fact that most of the Dutch find their current banking and payment options quite satisfactory. A number of factors have been pointed out from data analysis that hinder mass market adoption of mobile baking and payments in the Netherlands such as cost, low perceived value, density of banks, security and privacy issues, credibility, lack of cooperation among the stakeholders and the general Dutch banking and payment culture. Most of the Dutch are currently comfortable with their current offerings. In order to persuade customers to change their behaviour in the Netherlands which is always a difficult proposition and embrace mobile banking and payments, the offerings will need to have some essential benefits over the currently available alternatives. There are a number of new niches that financial providers should consider and which are experiencing positive response such as ticketing, vending machines, transport, loyalty programs, coupons, and ringtones among others. There is a huge potential in the Netherlands which has not been tapped, there are all ingredients for successful deployment of mobile banking and payment such as high penetration of mobile phones, high literacy levels, good infrastructure and high speed Internet connectivity all when combined with positive consumer attitude can easily turn a mobile financial service into a mass market. In order to determine whether a new offering represents a market opportunity, financial institutions should consider projected ma rket size, the maturity and complexity of the offering, and the number of stakeholder relationships that the institutions will be required to manage, this has always been one of the hurdles in successful implementation of mobile financial services. Mobile banking and payment, as has been demonstrated in this study, has gained non-negligible relevance for banks and other financial institutions today. For example, developments in the banking sector, e.g. increased competition on account of technological developments coupled with the process of globalisation have produced new challenges for banks. Mobile Banking therefore, presents an opportunity for banks to retain their existing, technology-savvy customer base by offering value-added and innovative services which might even help attracting new customers. 5.6.0 Research Limitations This study was conducted to find the factors influencing intentions to adopt mobile banking services in the Netherlands. As such, there is still room for further investigation into the adoption of mobile banking services especially focusing on other aspects apart from the consumers. There are some limitations associated with this study. The main focus of the research model cannot conclusively explain whether there is a market for mobile banking and payments in the Netherlands. The variables self-efficacy, perceived cost, perceived risk, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use only focuses on the consumer but in reality there are many stakeholders in the market who also need to be investigated such as the government regulations, interoperability, competition, infrastructure and technology among other factors. Another limitation could be the type of respondents utilized in the research. In as much as the study utilized questionnaire, most of the respondents were from Maastricht which might not be a representative of the mobile banking and payments consumer population in the whole Netherlands. The researcher had limited time and resources to explore the general Netherlands population. It can also be stated that the researcher was also biased to the student community in Maastricht as they were more likely to use and adopt mobile banking and payment. The participants were randomly selected which helped reduce bias towards the research outcome thereby increasing the credibility of the feedback. 5.7.0 Future Research It will be interesting to investigate the kind of result similar studies would produce in other Western European nations in modelling users attitude towards mobile banking and payments. Since the introduction of the European Union and Euro currency it could be interesting to investigate what factors could be hindering the uptake of mobile banking and payment in other Euro member countries. Mobility and one currency could be a key reason to undertake similar studies in the European Union for mass market adoption. A further study could also be carried out to investigate the role of other stakeholders such as merchants, government, banks and mobile operators among others in influencing the adoption of mobile banking services among the consumers. The role of government is considered as one of the most important contributing factors to the slow uptake of mobile financial services. Further research is required here. Since Mobile banking and payment is still relatively new in the Netherlands, more research needs to be carried out to measure the actual adoption rate of mobile banking and payments. Consumer behaviours and technology are not static; they keep on evolving hence more research need to be carried out to establish the adoption trends over time which can be used to predict the future that will be useful especially for potential investors.

Essay --

Nietzsche’s early work On the Birth of Tragedy put forth the Apollonian and Dionysian concepts. Within the work, the German philologist and philosopher states â€Å"The effect aroused by the Dionysian also seemed ‘Titanic’ and ‘barbaric’ to the Apollonian Greek: while he was at the same time unable to conceal from himself the fact that he was inwardly related to those fallen Titans and heroes.† Nietzsche goes on further â€Å"Indeed, he was obliged to sense something even greater than this: his whole existence, with all its beauty and moderation rested on a hidden substratum of suffering and knowledge, which was once again revealed to him by the Dionysian.† He then strongly concludes, â€Å"And look! Apollo was unable to live without Dionysus!† Nietzsche terms the Dionysian as â€Å"Titanic† to indicate his concept’s vastness. This vastness is similar to the vastness of Schopenhauer’s ocean imagery that describes how the earlier philosopher felt about consciousness unconstrained by ego. If an Apollonian Greek were to break his ego, or what Nietzsche would term his ‘shell,’ he creates the possibility of experiencing the pleasure offered by the Dionysian element. He allows himself to be overtaken by an ‘ecstatic’ ocean. The word ‘Titanic’ implies an enormity unable to be controlled. In this sense, the feeling of vastness can present itself as the antithesis to the Apollonian ideal of structure and thus prove overwhelming. So overwhelming, that one may be destroyed. This is where the description â€Å"barbaric† comes into the picture. Nietzsche goes to great lengths to define what he terms the â€Å"Dionysian barbarian† and which he separates from the Dionysian Greeks. In this passage he expounds upon the traditional Dionysian festivals which occurred â€Å"in all c... ... about accurately portraying facts. Rather, Nietzsche is interested in affective interpretations. There is also a possibility he had not reexamined the pros of On the Birth of Tragedy until he wrote Ecce Homo. What is more, Nietzsche is blunter in his Nachlass when he states â€Å"there are no facts, only interpretations.† Additionally, some insight can be provided based upon the very nature of Ecce Homo, in which Nietzsche puts himself on trial, ironically in Socratic fashion, and defends his life’s work chapter by chapter. Nietzsche is ultimately interested here in providing a definitive rationale for his philosophy, which celebrates the Dionysian worldview of emotion and instinct over cold rationality and reason. Birth of Tragedy, offers an extended defense of the Dionysian worldview and, with all of its flaws, was a work with which Nietzsche was finally able to com

Euthanasia and the Right to Die Essay -- Doctor Assisted Suicide

The Oxford English Dictionary defines euthanasia as â€Å"the action of inducing a gentle and easy death† (Oxford English Dictionary). Many people around the world would like nothing more than to end their lives because they are suffering from painful and lethal diseases; suffering people desperately seek doctors to help them end their lives. Many people see euthanasia as murder, so euthanasia is illegal in many countries. Euthanasia is an extremely controversial issue that has many complex factors behind it including medical costs, murder and liberty rights. Should people have the rights to seek euthanasia from doctors who are well trained in dealing with euthanasia? The bases for western knowledge, the Greek and Roman empires, usually supported euthanasia. Although they did not like giving â€Å"’a deadly drug to anybody, not even if asked for,’† by the patient, they preferred a gentle death as opposed to their patients suffering a miserable life (ProCon). It was not until the middle ages that euthanasia was actively opposed. In the middle ages the predominate religions of Europe were Christian and Judaism; these two religions did not approve of euthanasia because not only was suicide itself a sin, but the doctor who helped the patients would have committed the sin of murder. The three major religions that influence the world, Christianity, Islam and Judaism, all see suicide as a sin. These three religions have a major impact on the world today, so the trend of criminalizing euthanasia continued up into the modern era with euthanasia still being illegal in many parts of the world. The first law explicitly prohibiting euthanasia in the United States was enacted in New York in 1828 (ProCon). Since then many more states have outlawed ... ...2011. . Opposing Viewpoints."Introduction to Euthanasia: Opposing Viewpoints." Euthanasia. Ed. Carrie Snyder. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. http://ic.galegroup.com.library.collin.edu/ic/ovic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=OVIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010134107&userGroupName=txshracd2497&jsid=af2eacb374dfea6a89c0773d16c35a50 Oxford English Dictionary. "Euthanasia." Def. 3. Oxford English Dictionary. Sept. 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. . ProCon. "Historical Timeline." Euthanasia - ProCon.org. ProCon.org, 28 Sept. 2010. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. .

A Critical Response to Lady Chatterleys Lover Essay -- chatterley

A Critical Response to Lady Chatterley's Lover      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lady Chatterley's Lover by D. H. Lawrence examines the human condition in the modern era.   Through the experiences of the novel's characters, Lady Chatterley's Lover advances techniques for coping with the modern world:   retreating from society and engaging in phallic sex.   However, the application of these techniques is problematic as phallic sex necessitates the abandonment of social convention, while retreating from society conflicts with phallic sex.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lawrence's tactics of retreating from society and engaging in phallic sex are a response to conditions that he perceived in England.   A problem that afflicts the English people in Lawrence's novel is the pressure of social convention causing individuals to lead unhappy lives.   For example, Lawrence examines the lives of colliers:   "The iron and the coal had eaten deep into the bodies and souls of the men" (159).   Iron and coal are also a reference to the capitalist-industrialist complex that drives the colliery, making it clear that it is capitalist values which are eating away at the men.   The village of Tevershall reflects the state of its builders:   "The utter negation of natural beauty, the utter negation of the gladness of life, the utter absence of the instinct for shapely beauty which every bird and beast has, the utter death of the human intuitive faculty was appalling" (152).   Both the people and their dwellings have been warped by m odernity.   The narrator sums up the consequences of modern society for the colliers and the English people:   "...a new race of mankind, over-conscious in the money and social and political side, on the spontaneous intuitive side dead, but dead.   Half-corpses, all of t... ...f phallic sex.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Two strategies that D. H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover offers for coping with the modern world are phallic sex and a retreat from society.   Unfortunately, the ideal of phallic sex is difficult to achieve due to the necessity of abandoning social convention, while retreating from society conflicts with having phallic sex.   Lawrence's ideas offer unconventional methods for coping with modern life.   However, a reader who wishes to apply these ideas must bear in mind that no amount of sex or isolation is likely to resolve the problems which plague modern society. Works Cited Lawrence, D. H..   Lady Chatterley's Lover.   Ed. Michael Squires.   New York:   Penguin Books, 1994. Lawrence, D. H..   "A Propos of 'Lady Chatterley's Lover'". Lady Chatterley's Lover.   Ed. Michael Squires.   New York:   Penguin Books, 1994. A Critical Response to Lady Chatterley's Lover Essay -- chatterley A Critical Response to Lady Chatterley's Lover      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lady Chatterley's Lover by D. H. Lawrence examines the human condition in the modern era.   Through the experiences of the novel's characters, Lady Chatterley's Lover advances techniques for coping with the modern world:   retreating from society and engaging in phallic sex.   However, the application of these techniques is problematic as phallic sex necessitates the abandonment of social convention, while retreating from society conflicts with phallic sex.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lawrence's tactics of retreating from society and engaging in phallic sex are a response to conditions that he perceived in England.   A problem that afflicts the English people in Lawrence's novel is the pressure of social convention causing individuals to lead unhappy lives.   For example, Lawrence examines the lives of colliers:   "The iron and the coal had eaten deep into the bodies and souls of the men" (159).   Iron and coal are also a reference to the capitalist-industrialist complex that drives the colliery, making it clear that it is capitalist values which are eating away at the men.   The village of Tevershall reflects the state of its builders:   "The utter negation of natural beauty, the utter negation of the gladness of life, the utter absence of the instinct for shapely beauty which every bird and beast has, the utter death of the human intuitive faculty was appalling" (152).   Both the people and their dwellings have been warped by m odernity.   The narrator sums up the consequences of modern society for the colliers and the English people:   "...a new race of mankind, over-conscious in the money and social and political side, on the spontaneous intuitive side dead, but dead.   Half-corpses, all of t... ...f phallic sex.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Two strategies that D. H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover offers for coping with the modern world are phallic sex and a retreat from society.   Unfortunately, the ideal of phallic sex is difficult to achieve due to the necessity of abandoning social convention, while retreating from society conflicts with having phallic sex.   Lawrence's ideas offer unconventional methods for coping with modern life.   However, a reader who wishes to apply these ideas must bear in mind that no amount of sex or isolation is likely to resolve the problems which plague modern society. Works Cited Lawrence, D. H..   Lady Chatterley's Lover.   Ed. Michael Squires.   New York:   Penguin Books, 1994. Lawrence, D. H..   "A Propos of 'Lady Chatterley's Lover'". Lady Chatterley's Lover.   Ed. Michael Squires.   New York:   Penguin Books, 1994.

Leadership: The MBTI Assessment

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality assessment that helps to assess one's psychological preferences based on a psychometric questionnaire. These preferences were extracted from the typological theories proposed by Carl Gustav Jung writings in his book ‘Psychological Types'. The MBTI focuses on normal populations and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences. [1] Also recognized commonly as a behavioral assessment tool, the MBTI uses a combination of 4 letters and each represent a clearly defined attribute. Altogether, the MBTI test consists of 16 different personality types that will describe one’s personality in alleged detail. The MBTI test has reviewed that I am type ENTJ which covers aspects of being extraverted, intuitive, thinking and judging altogether but in different extents. According to Dr. David Keirsey, he states that a person with type ENTJ is recognized as a ‘Fieldmarshal’ or basically someone who is a natural born leader as agreed by Joe Butt in his article on ENTJ. He adds that this attribute of Fieldmarshals are a rare breed that are natural at taking the lead, are structural organizers and have an act on devising contingency plans. These collectively form characteristics of a leader who will be decisive and are visionary in setting goals and direction. Having these traits of a leader, Fieldmarshals are expected to take up roles of higher responsibility and will usually take pleasure in them. However their strong devotion to their work may sometimes be a hindrance to their social lifestyles. Another prevalent characteristic of a Fieldmarshal is the tendency to emphasize on efficiency and are usually intolerant of prodigality. [5 &6] I have to admit that while reading the results and review of my personality type; it felt like a strong confirmation of how I evaluate myself. Most of the traits specified were indeed very accurate such that I am a natural leader. I have come to realize that not only do I have the tendency to lead others but I also enjoy taking responsibility and I feel more comfortable in planning ahead rather than doing things spontaneously. Being extraverted is also a spot on because I am that person who would walk across the room to get to know someone new and am not afraid to express my thoughts publicly. Looking at the basis of how the personality results were generated, I still do not comprehend how I only scored 1 in the ‘Thinking’ category as I usually make decisions based on facts and logic. Apart from the MBTI test, the Dominance Influence Steadiness Conscientiousness (DISC) test is also another credible assessment tool that provides an effective feedback and rational to help one identify his/her personal behavior and strengths, thus increasing self-awareness. The DISC assessment is a shorter test as compared to the MBTI and yet yields more specific results from over 19,000 personalized responses and 384 separate behavioral descriptions. [3&4] One other assessment would be the Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument (HBDI) which measures thinking preferences in people. This model functions very similar to the others by incorporating cognitive style measurement. HBDI in short, adapts a concept of determining one’s dominant thinking style based on analytical, sequential, interpersonal and imaginative aspects. [7&4] Paul D. Tieger and Barbara Barron-Tieger, who are both recognized experts in personality type and career development, agreed that the MBTI can serve as career counselors to guide and find jobs that are best suited for a person. [8] However the Army Research Institute commissioned a review on this and argued that there is no evidence for the utility of the test and further claimed that the classification scheme is limited and may be an example of stereotyping personalities. Other questions have been raised in David Pittenger’s report of how the MBTI instrument comes up short for what it purports to measure. Some of which are mainly concerns on the reliability and validity of the results. [9] Considering all that, the objective of the MBTI is somewhat achieved when it helps to facilitate self-awareness which can then lead to self- improvement. With critical feedback provided, one will be able to realize their potential essentially natural leaders, and also to reaffirm one’s focus on their strengths. As discussed, discretion may be necessary to protect one against undue reliance upon the MBTI especially in career choices.

Leadership and nurse retention: The pivotal role of nurse leaders Essay

The Massachusetts Department of Higher Education in collaboration with the CITATION Thu12 l 1033 (Thurston, 2012)organized a working sectional conference titled Effective Mentoring; Nursing Leadership Practices after Training Completion and development skills for charge nurses. Over 40 experienced professionals from major statewide stakeholders in the Healthcare industry were brought together during this session. Those in attendance included nurses from various practice sessions and representatives from the Department of Higher Education, the Board of Registration in Nursing, the Massachusetts Center for Nursing (MCN), the Massachusetts Association of Colleges of Nursing (MACN), the Massachusetts/Rhode Island League for Nursing (MARILN), other national accrediting agencies were also present like the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) and the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE). The keynote speaker for the conference was MD Welborn E. Crawford of Massachusetts Semin Hospital who has extensive experience in offering guidance on organizational leadership in the practice of medicine and is also chairman on the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) board. Crawford also has several publications under his belt specifically discussing about how to boost development skills of leadership at the workplace. His past roles in professional development are inclusive of nursing peer review and advancement, teaching and the use of simulation. The current role he holds at the hospital as MD provides oversight on how various departments of the hospital are run including quality service provision and process improvement. The conference sought to ensure that, graduating nurses from nursing school to have a platform to ensure a seamless progression in their career by furnishing with necessary knowledge and skills that will ensure their development while practicing nursing after their graduation. Participation in the conference was on the consideration of the fact of holding a charge nurse position at my workplace and the constant need to make decisions and supervise ACRNs at the workplace needed a more astute approach of leadership. Analysis of Leadership Characteristics and Style Most of the conflicts in the nursing industry are as an increased inefficiency in leadership styles and practices. In many instances, personality traits often in one way or the other demonstrate a link with leadership behaviors and characteristics and in this instances are either inborn or easily learned. The main focus of Crawford’s speech was on the process of enhancing transformation of other nurses’ while at the workplace through meeting the needs of the pre-identified environment. The keynote speaker kept the participants going throughout the session through the asking of questions. Through the question and feedback process, a debating platform was created similar to the one encourage for organizational leaders where employees are allowed the opportunity to be engaged in the decision-making process of an organization. He reflected on Brooks and Andersons publications which suggested that a good number of nurses felt invaluable to an organization when they were not allowed the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes and their efforts at the workplaces going unrecognized. These ideology posters to core the need of as a leader to acknowledge a subordinate in the event they contribute something worthy at the work setting. The exchange of information and negotiation between people and their leaders has evolved over the years and this and this has similarly had an impact on leadership theories evolvement. In the conference setting, our keynote speaker had adopted the democratic style of leadership where all and sundry were allowed to measure in on the debate and from the information provided by the audience, the Crawford expounded further on their ramifications in ensuring success during task performance. Further from his speech, it became clear that apart from the democratic leadership style, there existed other two distinct styles that have always been adopted by leaders namely; authoritarian and laissez faire. Under authoritarian leadership, an employee were not allowed to make any decisions and in most cases handles all managerial duties and decisions all by themselves without any external interference from the employees. It is largely the opposite of democratic leadership. Lastly, there is the lais sez-faire leadership style where the leader is in total control of all aspects of an organization. Environments are also fundamental in determining what particular style of leadership will be a success but transformational leadership is mostly championed for in many leadership settings for it is particularly considered to create a conducive environment for not only nurses but also their respective patients. However, there still exists doubts on the credibility of these words for there exists little or no studies at all that pinpoint an exact correlation between leadership behaviors, patient outcomes and nursing practice environments. Charge nurses were therefore encouraged to adopt the transformational leadership style for the nurses that one is in-charge of are allowed to participate in any decision-making process. It has been established that nurses have positive response to transformational leadership because it ensures that build and develop themselves individually as a unit thus they are personally empowered to achieve their goals. In retrospect, in utilization of this kind of leadership, a leader is equally motivated a leader that allows the creation of synergetic environments where creativity can be easily managed. Considering the fact that a good number of nursing discords are in one way or the other related with the leaderships styles, it is important for charge nurses to adopt a stance of being facilitators for solutions as opposed to being problem creators. One important aspect fro transformational leadership is the participatory decision-making approach with employees to similar to what Dr. Crawford w as utilizing at the platform. The participatory decision-making approach allows an increased accountability of actions at the workplace by employees thus they are empowered and the same can be transformed to patients. Frontline charge nurses who not have effective leadership practices in most instances do not perform their duties for solving problems at the nursing unit, it therefore important for such leaders to adapt effective leadership skills so that they can be assured of achieving better outcomes. Communication skills In delivering speeches, it is important for a speaker to develop an interpersonal relationship with his audience for it is the foundation for all human interaction. Not only are effective communication deponents beneficial in delivering speeches but also it ensures the normal function of various systems of an organization. In the nursing workplace, as a charge nurse it is important to ensure that communication is two-way in the sense that not only are people listening to directives of their leader but also the leader allows them the opportunity to air their concerns. Whether an individual is traversing information in a formal or informal context, it is important for them to acknowledge their audiences, purpose for speaking, follow through in what one is putting across, have a broad array of presenting your information and utilization of several techniques in delivering information CITATION Ant13 l 1033 (Anthony, et al., 2013). It is also important to note one’s external enviro nment while putting across a specific message for it determines how information seriated and perceived by an audience. In the case of Crawford, he focused mainly on the ensuring the comfort of his audience by constantly asking whether or not they were comfortable in the conference room and delved mainly on the progressive leadership in nursing for all those in attendance were knowledgeable of the topic being discussed. The speaker was also keen on ensuring that all the stakeholders and those in attendance were convinced of his thoughts on progressive leadership for nurses and how to develop this in graduation nurses form nursing school by ensuring that he gave a clear background information of the topic he was discussing then finally gave an in-depth analysis of the developmental ways for building leadership skills for junior nurses at the workplace. While communication his information across, his stands on leadership styles were backed up by facts and claims from other professional s in the healthcare industry with utmost clarity and simplicity which ensured a good number of those in attendance to comprehend the information that was being put across and the purpose of the conference was thus being achieved in an astute and prospective manner. MD Crawford made it his mandate to ensure that all relevant aspects of leadership in nursing and how to nurture young habits in graduating nurses could be attained which brought to core leadership issues that if neglected by one who is in-charge at the workplace could impact negatively on the functioning of a particular unit of a hospital CITATION Ame09 l 1033 (Association, 2009). Considering the fact that nurturing the graduating nurses was a new noble idea for healthcare practitioners, the idea therefore needs a lot of selling. The delivery of this message was efficient in the sense that it was being aimed at the correct audience who effectively act on it, this was ensured through constant repetition of the idea in the delivery of his speech and for sure he did deliver the message to its desired levels for a good number of participants after the conference signed up for a two month seminar that Crawford suggested for the 27th the same month where further leadership models would be discussed and how they could be applied at the workplace. With respect to the experience of Crawford and considering that he was getting delivering his speech to his peers, he adopted the good old boy presentation style. Basically, his presentation was divided into an introduction which gave a clear understanding of the problem that needed nursing practitioners’ attention. Secondly, he talked of the organizations which sponsored the event and their role in collaboration with the American Nursing Association in ensuring nurses developed well envisaged skills to be great leaders in their nursing careers upon graduation from school by ensuring there existed some sort of mentoring platform where they could interact and exchange ideas with experienced professionals in the industry CITATION Gir12 l 1033 (Girvin, 2012). Thirdly, using visual aid supports like chart drawings and diagrams, the speaker used supporting facts to put across information regarding leadership styles and how effectively communication can be achieved at the workplace. Most importantly, each visual aid used in the delivery of the speech fully gave an in-depth understanding of what was being discussed whose main purpose was to ensure that those in the audience were familiar with the topic being discussed by the end of his presentation. The conclusion of the presentation effectively showed that the proposal that was presented by the speaker could be made effective in hospital interstate and according to the interpersonal discussions among the participants; it was evident that the stakeholders present were eager to take up the initiative of pushing the recommendations into a reality. Upon conclusion of his speech, the keynote speaker allowed the participants to air their questions which were promptly answered Critical Reflections The speakers’ speech was outlined and delivered to the requirements of the Massachusetts Organization of Nurse Executives who had organized the conference. In clearly defined detail, the conference topic, â€Å"Effective Mentoring; Nursing Leadership Practices after Training Completion and development skills for charge nurses,† was extensively addressed and all the stakeholders present were given a challenge of developing some sort of mentoring program that will help in nurturing the leadership skills of graduating nurses. Guided by the conference topic, Crawford presented the leadership debate convincingly through diving his content into leadership issues and the most effective ways and the role played b communication in ensuring one was efficient in their position as a leader. The adoption of a Good Old Boy presentation style of communication was effective considering that the participants at the conference were his peers and this coupled with his use of visual aids t o deliver his speech ensured a good delivery CITATION Was10 l 1033 (Waskett, 2010). Implications for Professional Nursing Practice The conference proceedings were influential in answering good number of concerns that those in the nursing environment experience in their workplace which generally affect the outcomes of the job. A good number of problems are associated with the nursing charge position such as poor description of the jobs being delegated to others, irresponsibility experienced with the an increase in the duties appended to a particular individual at the workplace and most importantly the lack of necessary knowledge on how to undertake leadership positions. Personally, the conference furnished with important knowledge of I was previously ignorant on: the role of communication for leadership. It was evident that as a charge nurse, I need to be not only authoritarian when it came to decision-making situations but also involvement and listening to other nurses will help with ensuring that a diverse pool of ideas are available to ensure an easy decision-making process. At the same time, involving other i n decision-making ensured that they felt part of the organization that they were more motivated to perform their tasks effectively CITATION Gar09 l 1033 (Garvey, Stokes, & Megginson, 2009). As a leader, I have the mandate of ensuring and facilitating the learning process of other junior nurses at the workplace through the more refined method of mentoring. With respect to developing a mentoring platform for graduating nurses, it is important to ensure that all nurses at the workplace are under a senior guardian at the workplace who will ensure that the nurses are given lessons and guidance on how to communicate effectively at the workplace thus preparing them for future leadership positions. References   Anthony, M., Standing, T., Glick, J., Duffy, M., Paschall, F., Sauer, M., et al. (2013). Leadership and nurse retention: The pivotal role of nurse leaders. Journal for Nursing Adminstartion, 146-155. Association, A. N. (2009). Nurse leaders pass measures on disastser planning . Washington DC: American Nurses Association . Garvey, B., Stokes, P., & Megginson, D. (2009). Coaching and Mentoring: Theory and Practice. London: SAGE Publications . Girvin, J. (2012). Leadership and nursing: Part two: styles of leadership. Nursing and Managment , 20-22. Thurston, B. (2012, August 24). Annual Conference on Nursing leadership 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2014, from Massachusetts Organization of Nurse Executives : http://www.mooneleadership.org/ Waskett, C. (2010). Clinical supervision using the 4S model 1: Considering the structure and setting it up . Nursing Times , 12-14. Source document

Language acquisition Essay

Contemporary researchers, who are interested in the language teaching, ELT publishing, second language acquisition and the theory of language in general while referring the process of a mother tongue influence on a foreign language teaching, usually apply the terms: ‘Language Interference’, ‘Cross-Linguistic Influence’, or ‘Transfer’. All of the terms imply that the language produced by foreign learners is that all the languages of the world have similarities which make a foreign language more familiar to a learner. Thus, while learning a foreign language students try to look for similarities with their mother tongue. These similarities in many cases depend on individual perceptions and in this way can be deceptive. Modern scientists suggest that the idea that the language produced by foreign learners can never be pure, it is unavoidably influenced by learners’ mother tongue. Sometimes mother tongue affects learning a foreign language so much, that the foreign language becomes distorted. So, the foreign language learnt should be better termed an ‘inter-language’ and, as Nicholls, D points out in the article What is learner English? , â€Å"it [the foreign language learnt] will always be a blend of the foreign language and the mother tongue. † (Nicholls 2002). As it was already mentioned above, the similarities found between a mother tongue and the foreign language a hindrance and a help, causing positive and negative transfer. (Nicholls 2002). Positive transfer is found in correct ‘guesses’, and the prompts, which help a learner to get the things right. Though positive transfer is a rich area of study, it is not in the scope of the study of the paper. Further the paper will discuss the negative transfer or the language interference that causes the learner errors in the process of a foreign language acquisition. In the sphere of contemporary education, the English language produced by learners is referred as ‘learner English’. An opposing term to ‘learner English’ is ‘Non-learner English’, the meaning of those is closely connected with the notions: ‘Standard English’ and ‘correct variant of English’. So, following the ideas of scientists, the English produced by learners will always be ‘foreign’. In order to make the further research more clear, it is necessary to define the main terms of the theory. First of all, the theory of language interference operates with the notions: first language and foreign language. Walters K. and Brody M. in their article What’s language got to do with it? define first language as the first language acquired by a person since his/her birth or childhood. If a person learns two or more languages in his/her infancy, then the person is considered to have two or more first languages. (Walters and Brody 2005) In this way, the term ‘First Language’ is very close to the terms ‘Native Language’ and ‘Mother Tongue’. However, the notion of mother tongue presupposes that the person learns the languages from infancy in the home. (Walters and Brody 2005) All in all, native language, as well mother tongue, and first language are learnt by a child mostly unconsciously and involuntary. A child may learn his/her mother tongue even if no special attempts at teaching are made. Also, the first language serves as a spoken medium of communication and â€Å"is largely achieved from random exposure. † (Encyclopedia Britannica 2004). In contrast to the first language, foreign language is taught purposefully. It is not necessarily acquired in one’s childhood or in one’s home. Walters K. and Brody M. write about a foreign language: it is â€Å"learned or used by a person for limited and/or specific purposes such as business transactions or reading. A foreign language is not learned with the in-tent of using it extensively in daily life. † (Walters and Brody 2005) So, another difference is found out. The first language is used in a person’s everyday life, whereas the spheres of usage of a foreign language are limited by place and by time. In other words, students speak or think in a foreign language during their lessons and at their classroom. When the lesson of a foreign language is over, students naturally go back to their mother tongue. This feature, certainly, gives more advantages to students’ mother tongue and encourages them to use their native language in a wider range, more ‘extensively’. The last not only fosters better development of a mother tongue in comparison with that of a foreign language, but also it puts the mother tongue in a dominating position over the foreign language. However, the notion of foreign language should not be confused with the notion of second language.

Global Security: Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay

Since the Cold War, introducing nuclear weapons into the global system was one of the biggest changes that created a global phenomenon even after the year 1945 to the contemporary global politics. It has shaped the crucial aspects of the strategic actions of the states and transformed the international system. After experiencing two catastrophic global conflagrations, the global system has not triggered major wars and intra-regional wars over the post-Cold War period. However, utilising nuclear weapons to prevent world war should be treated with great attention as there are prospects of nuclear proliferation globally. The traditional definition of security is being freedom from danger and risk. However, in this context of the global politics, it perceives ‘security’ as something that makes protection and creates sense of safeness. Thus throughout this essay, it will discuss the meaning of security in the means of how it was created through the influence of nuclear/ weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Firstly, it will analyse the changing attitudes of strategic studies post-Cold War in the developments of nuclear technology proliferation. Moreover, it will critically discuss the influences of the nuclear weapons towards the security model in relations to why states still seek to develop weapon of mass destruction (WMD) in the contemporary global politics. Understanding the terror and recognising of the destruction capabilities of nuclear weapon in the contemporary era can be a challenge to the people of today as the last nuclear weapon detonated in 1945. Subsequently, it is important to observe the historical context of WMD development and study the intention of the WMD. 1940 was the year of the birth of the first nuclear arsenal named as ‘Ivy Mike’. American physicists and their leader Edward teller developed nuclear armaments that was first detonated in 1945, (Balogun, 2011 p. 160) which was defined as; extreme scale immediate mass destruction. The strategic studies of the international relation have drastically changed in the past 20 years. Steve Smith’s The increasing insecurity of Security Studies: Conceptualising Security in the Last Twenty Years (1999) examines some aspect of security study literature in the last two decades. Smith addresses his main analyses of the changed perspective of the core subject nitially concentrated on state and military to human social security. His view of what it is called the security studies in the contemporary system, moves away from the concentrating on the aspect of the military, WMD as the dominant issue but argues that the crucial issue is human security. On the other hand, Andrew O’Neil (2009) approaches the study in different perspective as he argues that WMD continues to act as the central role in international relations and in security studies as still in the contemporary system numerous states continues to value nuclear weapons as the supreme strategic possession for their security. Synder (2000 p. 174) has given the two variables for explaining the dynamics of nuclear proliferations. The operative growth of nuclear arsenals among the superpowers can be identified as ‘vertical proliferation’. Furthermore, significant potential for the spread can be recognised in other technologically capable states to develop nuclear technology and this is recognised as ‘horizontal proliferation’. Increase in producing nuclear technology and actions of testing have developed public’s eye catching concern, which is in relations to both military and environmental crisis. In generating nuclear power into the state it builds the sense of both security for the state conversely insecurity for human and the environment. Acknowledging the power of state after possessing nuclear weapons will definitely achieve security against external threat, nevertheless it is crucial to consider the aspect of economic effect on the state. In obtaining nuclearization, the state must have the capability in economic and technological terms. Developing researches and building nuclear arsenal are phenomenally expensive even to sustain, whether the state is able to begin to build nuclear weapon programs, if the state is incapable to maintain their program effectively it would lead to the chances of misleading the program, thus may cause major threat to its own state. Moreover, nuclear arsenals under the programs can lead into the hands of the ‘rouge state’ (2000 p. 159). External threat of bribery from other rouge states can follow after the financial struggle of opening of the bureaucracy. In the past states have failed to sustain the nuclear system as it is outstandingly costly, Soviet Union is one the example that diminished nuclear program due to lack of finical hold up. In this case, the state should pursue for other survival resources to provide security for their people, for instance; environmental sustainability and enhanced agriculture. Neo –classical realist assesses the state’s power and examines of the consequences of the nuclear proliferation, on why the state pursue changes in its power in relations to their declining power position in the global system. Leaders and decision makers of their states are afraid of the strategic costs in their own actions in trying to achieve further and superior security. The NMD not only profoundly stresses the status quo (2000 p. 171), but it also threatens to create an incongruous actions to other states to produce or prepare a similar level of power of security to counter the external threat. Thus it generates a certain situation as known as; ‘acute security dilemma’ or a ‘cascade’ of nuclear proliferation, â€Å"an increase in one state’s security decreases the security of others† (Jervis, 1993 p. 8). The states facing security dilemma are determined by the given factors of their geographic size and location, power of their equipped military and strategy. These factors are expected to manipulate the position of the state in the international system by means of security threats. Security dilemma actively elevates up and down the chances of conflictions between states, hence it shapes balancing strategies. In comprehending the occurrence of nuclear proliferation, it is important to understand the theory on why states pursue nuclear power. In the means of security, constructivist have presented an insight on how to analyse the question of ‘‘How nuclear weapon technology mean different things in different places and times’ (Rogers, lecture), constructivist states that it is challenging to determine with the absence of calculating and the perceiving into giving attention to cultural, social and historical context of the state to how the definition came to assessable. Thus, it is important to develop an understanding of the purpose of WMD in the international system, with the question of why states seek to build nuclear power. Numerous realist and non-realist scholars consider the ‘security model’ as the standard justification for occurrence of nuclear proliferation (Sagan, 1997). According to the security model states will, â€Å"develop nuclear weapons when they face a significant military threat to their security that cannot be met through alternative means. † (1997 p. 54) Established on Waltz’s theory of neo-realism, a limited, although persuasive part of the realist theory; the security model was derived initially from the original thought of balance of power. He puts forward his thought that states involves in competitive strategies for insure of their security and survival. In the short term, it is anticipated that states will weigh against from the changes in relative power that destabilise their position in the global system, externally by unifying with a nuclear armed state or internally by developing nuclear technology themselves. Further looking at the long term, states are likely to develop nuclear arsenals through imitating after observing an effective but also successive strategy attempted by states. Sagan concludes that almost all the judgments to develop nuclear arsenals â€Å"appear to be best explained by the security model† (1997 p. 85). Consequently, the security model addresses a persuasive explanation regarding the theory nuclear proliferation. Three specific models are introduced in explaining the incongruous impact of nuclear proliferation; why states seek to build nuclear weaponry, in Sagon’s article, ‘Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb’ (1997). Security model of ‘nuclear weapons and international threat’ is the first model Sagon introduces. According to the neorealist, the international system is an anarchy which is driven by the threat of nuclear weapons where states are to equip for preparation for conflict. Absence of authority in the system, states can desire to choose to achieve self-help. However in spite of authority, there are strong and weak states that separate which states are capable of obtaining more power through nuclear weapons. The three factors are crucial in the makeup of a strong state, they are; powerful military, economy and politics. As mentioned earlier, security dilemma is a result of proliferation but also in vis a versa producing a chain reaction, Sagon believes that ‘From this perspective, one can envision the history of nuclear proliferation as a strategic chain reaction’ (1997, p. 58). The previous model could not offer the whole explanation which the second model could explain whole reason why states pursue to develop nuclear weapons. The second model is, domestic politics model, it focuses on who encourages and discourage the state government to develop WMD. Within the domestic level Sagon explain that there is also a chain reaction and maps out who governs the state to process of developing nuclear arms, Sagon says, ‘the acquisition of nuclear weapons †¦ is likely to serve the parochial bureaucratic or political interests of at least some individual actors within the state’ (p. 63). In contrast to the security model, the causality is not ‘unidirectional’ (Rogers, 2012 lecture) but further complexity follows as it activates at the level within the state. The last, third model that Sagan study is the norm model which addresses states as unitary actors and it concentrates on norms in reference to the possession of nuclear arsenals. It peruses to apprehend the role of nuclear weapons symbolically and argues that state’s actions are ‘determined by common beliefs about which actions are appropriate in the international community’ (p. 73). As a final point, the last model seeks to envision the forthcoming future for the potential of non-proliferation era. The three models by Sagan have explained and provided a perception on the theatrical justification of nuclear proliferation on the reason behind states would seek nuclear power for the ultimate power for threatening external states. The studies of the three models demonstrated an aspect on how possession of a nuclear weapon can change the system drastically internally and externally through the distortion of the balance of power. Nonetheless, these models have also given the truth about the consequences that ultimate power can be achieved however; nuclear weapons will not necessarily provide or elevate complete state security. In actual fact, this security practice also accompanies insecurity where the contemporary international system in presence of nuclear proliferation it is a challenge not to face security dilemma. The ongoing nuclear proliferation is one of the distress issues in the international system. The movement of the proliferation alters the balance of power between the states creating a possible eruption in the system. An example in the contemporary politics, North Korea has obtained nuclear and missile technology and have directed bomb testing which have intensified the tension between the two Koreas (2009). Moreover, North Korea’s uncertain internal political activities may have created falsifiable knowledge, however this clearly demonstrates the security dilemma in the states surrounding as well as the allied superpowers are caused in the consequences of contemporary proliferation. In 1970, the regime of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) entered the international system which became the central focus in the non-proliferation organisation. It is a prime structure of managing the spread of nuclear weapons in the international system. It is designed and bounded built from expectations by policy makers in solving security dilemma. The NPT operates as a normative regime, the treaty seeks to challenge why or why not state choose to build nuclear weapon but also examines state behaviours and perceptions in the state in accordance to their nuclear power (2000 p. 175). The NPT is influential and conspicuous in shaping the thought of policy makers and leaders of the state to determine whether the state should develop nuclear technology or not, allied or independent or as for energy provision. Most importantly, it determines and suspects the validity of a nuclear armed state as well as their maintenance. Moreover, it is an arrangement between nuclear armed state which have agreed to nuclear materials and technology transmission to a non-nuclear armed state for peaceful determination, then this state obligate themselves to utilise nuclear materials and technology only for peaceful purposes and not dissuade its primary purpose to develop nuclear weapons (Bosch, 2007 p. 16). According to the NPT, the current situation in North Korea and Iran are in the case of being outside of the normative framework. Only those state who act inside the normative framework are reflected as a proper state, states that are outside the framework are considered as an improper state and these states are recognised as ‘rouge states’ (2000 p. 159) From this, it is clear to vision the influential power of NPT in the international system in shaping state’s actions. Various debates have risen in regards to its unbalanced regime by the NPT. In respect to the military rules NPT have regulated a biased and unequal military regime labelled as â€Å"imperial like imbalance† (Kissling 2008, p. 30). It is states that NPT lacks in some aspects of definite responsibility and keeping the timeframe to discharge nuclear weapons. Though NPT is considered influential, its role in accomplishing complete disarmament, negotiations in the international system has not been an effective control. Organisations and treaties such as Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organisation or the Fissile Material Cut off Treaty hardly enacted policies. Primary time of the NPT regime, many states imposed the NPT’s disarmament commitment on nuclear technology through the prevention of aircraft and ship transports holding nuclear materials from entering the state boundaries. However, prohibition of nuclear armaments was infrequently imposed. Thus, lack of strict obligations, have made perpetual actions of nuclear proliferation within the states, including rouge state, which is still persists so far in the contemporary politics. 2008, p. 31) Furthermore the NPT authorized nuclear armed states to conduct ‘peaceful nuclear explosions’ and in military purposes to experiment nuclear weapons, all below level zero. Comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty was finally enacted in 1996 and prohibited these actions of testing or detonating any nuclear weapons. Most importantly, states from NTP that possesses nuclear armaments and non-nuclear armed states have not yet ratified or signed for the NPT. Hence, NPT still lack in the requirements to enter the international force. Consequences of these unresolved of complete disarmament by the NPT or any other non-proliferation regime, the threat of nuclear weapons will continue to rise and sense of fear and insecurity will continually follow The study of the structure, development, and history of the non-proliferation regime, analysing some of conflicting attitude to the issue has led to recognise that this contemporary politics are in a period trapped by the growing dangers. Give the impression that more than ever, the regime of proliferation will continue to arise to be more powerful; however understanding of nuclear behaviour has limits as nuclear power also carries both great senses of security and insecurity for the state (Synder, 2000, p. 189). Nuclear weapon alone carries great amount of complexity. There it challenges external states, policy makers and leaders in determining nuclear armed state’s motivation and its behaviour especially rouge states attaining nuclear arsenals. There are two paths in regards these consequences in the future; a state can strive towards or away from nuclear weapons. Non-proliferation and disarmament will occur as there are perspectives on states denuclearising due to the fall any of politic, economic, and military factors. Proliferation may continue due to the chain reaction of security dilemma encircling insecurity in the international system. Thus this has developed critical thinking on why states still choose to pursue nuclear technology in the contemporary politics. Security models pointed by Sagan are filters to understand the theology of nuclear proliferation. WMD has challenged the thought on international security in the contemporary politics as the studies still haven’t settled with a definite answer of when the complete non-proliferation era will arrive, before then the sense of insecurity through security dilemma will encircle the international system.